Peru


Introduction

The objective of this document is to present available pharmaceutical and health technology information of the country of Peru. The following is a summary of the methodology and results.

Methods

Pre-defined indicators were initially organized by the research team into 13 domains. Data for each of these indicators was gathered in two ways: (i) the Pan American Health Organization submitted data from the Regional Platform on Access and Innovation for Health Technologies (PRAIS). Some of the information in PRAIS is provided by governments to PAHO directly without being published in other publication. (ii) The research team searched publically available primary and secondary data sources to obtain information on each of the pre-defined indicators. Key primary data sources included Peru’s Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Salud) and National Medicine Regulatory Authority (Dirección General de Medicamentos Insumos y Drogas) websites. The World Bank website was a key secondary data source. Search methodology was completed solely on the internet using English and Spanish language search terms on Google. The PAHO’s pharmaceutical profile developed jointly with Peru’s Ministry of Health was used as a reference tool to locate the most current data. It also served as a translation tool to locate data on the indicator in Spanish.

Results

Gaps in information included: selection of medicines, its distribution, procurement, and reimbursement, medicine consumption, as well as the country’s pharmaceutical expenditure, medical equipment, radiology, and blood services. For some of these domains, primary and secondary sources about the topic related to the indicator were available, but no data were reported in these sources.


Assessing health and pharmaceutical systems require background information on the size of the population, its demographics and economics, the pharmaceutical market size and the expenditure on health and pharmaceuticals. These key data are parameters that define the requirements that a system has to meet in terms of population coverage and availability of resources.
The percentage of pharmaceutical expenditure out of total health expenditure provides a useful indication on the relative investment in pharmaceuticals compared to other components. The variation on per capita spending on pharmaceuticals between countries is due to differences in the share of generic medicines, prices and consumption pattern among other factors. Benchmarking pharmaceutical expenditure per capita can help identifying inefficiencies in spending. Very low pharmaceutical expenditure per capita can indicate a gap in pharmaceutical service delivery and result in higher morbidity and mortality.


C1 Demographics, economics, market and expenditure PAHO data Public data
C1.1 Population in thousand 31,774 (2016)1
C1.2 GDP 211,389,272,242 (2017)1
C1.3 GDP/Capita (PPP) 13,434 (2017)1
C1.4 GINI index for income distribution (source: World Bank) 43.8 (2016)1
C1.5 Total pharmaceutical market in USD
C1.5.1 Percentage of market share by value produced by domestic manufacturers (%) 13.19% (2016)1
C1.5.2 Percentage of market share by value of imported pharmaceutical products (%)
C1.6 Composition of Total Health Expenditure [Public, Private (Out-of-pocket as share of private) Public 31.26%, Private 37.82%, Out-of-pocket 30.92% (2015)1
C1.7 Total Expenditure on Pharmaceuticals per Habitant (USD)
C1.8 Expenditure on Pharmaceuticals as a percentage (%) of health's total expenditure.
C1.9 Total Pharmaceutical Expenditure [Public, Private (Out-of-pocket as share of private)]
C1.10 Key legislation-health general (E.g. Health Act/Codex) Ley General de Salud No. 26842 (1997)2
C1.11 Key legislation-pharmaceuticals and other Health Technologies (E.g. Pharmaceutical/Drug Act/Codex) Ley de Productos Farmacéuticos, dispositivos médicos y productos sanitarios (2009)3
SI Supplementary Indicators
S1 Demographics, economics, market and expenditure
S1.1 Life-expectancy at birth 74.98 (2016)1
S1.2 Percentage of Adults Aged over 60 years (65 and older) 7.15% (2017)1
S1.3 Percentage of children Aged below 15 years (under 14) 27.39% (2017)1
S1.4 Percentage population served by the public health system:
S1.4.1 % of National public insurance
S1.4.2 % of Social-security
S1.4.3 % of Private security
S1.4.4 Other, please describe
S1.5 National health expenditure as a % of GDP: 5.26% (2015)1
S1.5.1 Public
S1.5.2 Private 37.82% (2015)1
S1.6 Total Health Expenditure/Capita (USD Year) 322.96 (2015)1

References
  • 1: Data [Internet]. The World Bank. 2017 [cited 20 September 2018]. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/country/peru?view=chart
  • 2: Ley General de Salud 26842. Lima, Peru; 1997. Available from http://www.digemid.minsa.gob.pe/UpLoad/UpLoaded/PDF/Boletines/Farmacovigilancia/B10_2017_14.pdf
  • 3: Ley de los Productos Farmacéuticos, Dispositivos Médicos y Productos Sanitarios. Lima: El Peruano; 2009. Available from: http://www.digemid.minsa.gob.pe/UpLoad/UpLoaded/PDF/Ley29459.pdf

Human resources are one of the six building blocks of the health system. Pharmacy workforce comprises professionals charged with the final custody of medicines, before they are dispensed to patients, as well as ensuring the proper use and administration of medicines. They also be active in the regulation, manufacturing and procurement of medicines.
Currently, there is no recommendation of the number of pharmacists or pharmacy technicians per capita. However, very low numbers of trained human resources per capita in the pharmaceutical sector can indicate gaps in the delivery capacity of the system.


C2 Human Resources for health PAHO data Public data
C2.1 Number of physicians per 1,000 population 11.16 (2012)1
C2.2 Number of registered radiologists per 100,000 population
C2.3 Number of registered pharmacists per 10,000 population 5 (2012) 5 (2011)2
SI Supplementary Indicators
S2 Human Resources for health
S2.1 Number of registered medical physicists per 100,000 population
S2.2 Number of registered radiation oncologists per 100,000 population
S2.3 Number of registered radiological technologists per 100,000 population
S2.4 Number of registered nurses per 10,000 population 12.7 (2014)
S2.5 Number of registered pharmacy technicians per 10,000 population Public 0.6852 Private 1.082 (2007)3

References
  • 1: Data [Internet]. The World Bank. 2017 [cited 20 September 2018]. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/country/peru?view=chart
  • 2: Data [Internet]. The World Bank. 2017 [cited 20 September 2018]. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/country/peru?view=chart
  • 3: Medicine Prices, Availability, Affordability and Price Components in Peru [Internet]. Health Action International Latin American Coordination Office; 2007 [cited 25 October 2018]. Available from: http://haiweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Peru-Report-2005-Pricing-Surveys.pdf

Balancing incentives for innovation and manufacturing medicines with affordability of medicines has been a challenge globally. The flexibilities of the World Trade Organization (WTO)’s Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) allow countries protecting public health, including access to medicines. The existing of provisions for the flexibilities in national legislative framework provide relevant information on the country’s ability to enact public health protection.


C3 Innovation and Intellectual Property Management PAHO data Public data
C3.1 Is the country a member of the World Trade Organization? Yes (1995)1
C3.2 With reference to the flexibilities and safeguards (TRIPS) contained in national legislation: are there flexibilities related to the Bolar Extension? Specify Yes (2017)2
C3.3 Are the legal provisions for data exclusivity for pharmaceutical products? (Data Exclusivity) Yes (2017)2
C3.4 Does some kind of relationship exist between the provision of marketing authorization and patent condition of the product presented? (Patent Linkage)
C3.5 Are there legal provisions in order to avoid the extension of a patent? (Evergreening) Yes (2017)2
C3.6 Is there a public record of patents, accessible to the public?
SI Supplementary Indicators
S3 Innovation and Intellectual Property Management
S3.1 Key legislation-intellectual property and data protection
S3.2 Key legislation-innovation for health
S3.3 With reference to the flexibilities and safeguards (TRIPS) contained in national legislation: are there flexibilities related to the compulsory licensing provisions that can be applied for reasons of public health? Yes (2017)2
S3.4 Does national legislation have provisions related with the parallel importation? Yes (2017)2
S3.5 Is it part of the State of any free trade agreement / partnership / customs union of bilateral or multilateral agreement, which has a chapter on intellectual property?
S3.6 Are there guidelines or procedures in the country that incorporate the public health perspective in the process of evaluating pharmaceutical patent applications? (for example, guidelines for the evaluation of patent applications, prior consent procedures

References
  • 1: Miembros y observadores en la OMC [Internet]. Organizacion Mundial del Comercio. 2016 [cited 20 September 2018]. Available from: https://www.wto.org/spanish/thewto_s/whatis_s/tif_s/org6_s.htm
  • 2: Decreto Legislativo 1075. Lima, Peru; 2017. https://www.indecopi.gob.pe/documents/20795/225805/04.+03-DL1075.pdf/5950edd4-d09c-4347-8d6f-f4f3a6b65d81

Laws and policies are the basis for good governance in the pharmaceutical sector. A national pharmaceutical policy is the explicit commitment of the government towards different policy objectives related to pharmaceuticals. It provides a guidance for action for all actors involved in the pharmaceutical sector. An implementation plan for the policy defines the responsibilities, measurable goals and timeframes of each actor and those overseeing the implementation. The implementation plan should also include the plan for reporting and independent assessment of the implementation progress.
The use of generic medicines and biosimilars is an important opportunity to increase the efficiency of the pharmaceutical sector spending. Policies to promote the use of generics are a corner stone to guide the government and other institutions to implement generic medicines strategies.


C4 Pharmaceutical Policy PAHO data Public data
C4.1 National Medicines and other Health Technologies Policy official document (s) exists. (medicines, blood etc). If yes, please write the year of the most recent document (s). Yes (2004)1
C4.2 Does a national medicines policy implementation plan exist? Yes (2012)2
C4.3 Is access to essential medicines/technologies a part of the fulfillment of the right to health, is it recognized in the constitution or is it part of national legislation? If yes to any of these three please provide details Yes (1997)3
(2009)4
C4.4 Official strategy or policy in place for multisource (generics) medicines
SI Supplementary Indicators
S4 Pharmaceutical Policy
S4.1 Is the pharmaceutical policy implementation being regularly monitored/assessed?
S4.2 National Health Policy (NHP) / Law exists. If yes date
S4.3 National Good Governance Policy or transparency framework for governmental institutions and officials exists. If yes, please specify the year.
S4.4 Implementation of a functional system of surveillance and control of advertising or inaccurate or unethical information about medicines and other health technologies Yes (2016)
S4.5 Official strategy or policy for prescription by international common denomination (INN) for medicines Yes (2016)
S4.6 Official strategy or policy that allows substitution of generics in the public sector Yes (2016) Yes (2014)5
S4.7 Official strategy or policy that allows substitution of generics in the private sector Yes (2016)
S4.8 Market share of multi-source medicines (branded and unbranded generic products) by volume and value in public and private sector Yes (2016)

References
  • 1: Politica Nacional de Medicamentos [Internet]. Ministerio de Salud; 2004 [cited 20 September 2018]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s18052es/s18052es.pdf
  • 2: Ministerio de Salud. Republic of Peru Pharmaceutical Country Profile. Published by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with the Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO); 2012. Available from http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js19825en/
  • 3: Congreso De La Republica. Ley Nº 29459. Lima; 2009. Available from http://spij.minjus.gob.pe/normas/textos/261109T.pdf
  • 4: Congreso De La Republica. Ley Nº 26842. Lima; 1997. Available from http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/es/pe/pe060es.pdf
  • 5: Informe 051-2014. Lima, Peru;2014. Available from https://www.indecopi.gob.pe/documents/20182/178372/Informe-051-2014-DPC.pdf/e27ba28f-001b-4d21-9cf2-2b6841c44cdd

Access to medicines in one of the intermediate performance goals of a functioning pharmaceutical system. Benchmarking the consumption of medicines across countries with similar epidemiological profiles is useful to indicate possible over- or underutilization of medicines. It is also useful to potentially indicate the increased risk of the development of antimicrobial resistance in the case of antibiotics.
Access to essential medicines should not depend on the financial means of individuals or households and should be guaranteed as a basic right.


C5 Access of medicines PAHO data Public data
C5.1 Access to medicines on the National EML is guaranteed without any payment at the point of care, service or dispensing of the medicines. Yes (2012) No (2007)1
C5.2 Median availability of tracer essential medicines in the public sector. Provide percentage (%)
C5.3 Consumption of tracer medicines by DDD (Daily defined dose per 1,000 inhabitants per day):
C5.3.1 Antibiotic (J and J01)
C5.3.2 Antidiabetic (A10)
C5.3.3 Antihypertensives (C02)

References
  • 1: Medicine Prices, Availability, Affordability and Price Components in Peru [Internet]. Health Action International Latin American Coordination Office; 2007 [cited 25 October 2018]. Available from: http://haiweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Peru-Report-2005-Pricing-Surveys.pdf

Regulation is focused on ensuring efficacy, quality and safety of medicines through their life-cycle. Collaboration between countries can increase efficiency and promote human resource capacity building. Countries in the Americas have invested in strengthening regulatory authorities but more work needs to be done.
The Global Benchmarking Tool has been developed to objectively and systematically evaluate regulatory systems across the globe. Indicators in this section are taken from the Global Benchmarking Tool to align with best practice in the field of evaluation of regulatory systems.


C6 Regulatory Capacity PAHO data Public data
C6.1 Legislation identifies the institutions involved in regulatory system medicines and other health technologies, their responsibilities, functions, roles and powers. Please, provide the name(s) of the NRA(s) Ley 29459 (2014)1 Ley 29459 (2014)1
C6.2 Has the NRA been evaluated by Regional or Global Benchmarking Tool? If yes, has it achieved level 3 of functionality?
C6.3 What category of medicinal products does the NRA regulate? Specify
C6.3.1 Pharmaceuticals of chemical synthesis Yes (2014) Yes (2009)1
C6.3.2 Medical devices Yes (2014) Yes (2009)1
C6.3.3 Other, Specify Productos dietéticos y eculcorantes. Cosméticos, artículos sanitarios, artículos de limpieza doméstica (2018) Traditional Medicines (2018)1
C6.3.4 Biologicals (e.g. vaccines) Yes (2014)
C6.4 What functions does the NRA perform?
C6.4.1 Registration and Marketing Authorization Yes (2014)
C6.4.2 Licensing of premises Yes (2014)
C6.4.3 Market Surveillance and Control Yes (2014)
C6.4.4 Vigilance Yes (2014)
C6.4.5 Clinical Trials Oversight Yes (2014)
C6.4.6 Regulatory Inspection Yes (2014)
C6.4.7 Laboratory Testing Yes (2014)
C6.4.8 NRA Vaccine Lot Release Yes (2014)
C6.5 Number of employees of the National Regulatory Authrity (NRA) with activities at central level
C6.6 Number of medicines with current valid registration 17,019 (2018)2
C6.7 NRA webpage or website http://www.digemid.minsa.gob.pe/home.asp (2018) http://www.digemid.minsa.gob.pe/ (2018)
SI Supplementary Indicators
S6 Regulatory Capacity
S6.1 Number of licensed national pharmaceutical manufactures 374 (2012)3
S6.2 Number of import permits of medicines granted in the last year
S6.3 Are there legal provisions that categorize according to the risk to medical devices?

References
  • 1: Ley de los Productos Farmacéuticos, Dispositivos Médicos y Productos Sanitarios. Lima: El Peruano; 2009. Available from: http://www.digemid.minsa.gob.pe/UpLoad/UpLoaded/PDF/Ley29459.pdf
  • 2: Catalogo de Productos Farmaceuticos [Internet]. 2018 [cited 21 September 2018]. Available from: http://observatorio.digemid.minsa.gob.pe/Precios/ProcesoL/Catalogo/CatalogoProductos.aspx
  • 3: Ministerio de Salud. Republic of Peru Pharmaceutical Country Profile. Published by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with the Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO); 2012. Available from http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js19825en/

The goal of an efficient procurement is to ensure the acquisition of the adequate quantities of a quality assured medicines at an affordable price. Achieving this goal can improve access to medicines. Country collaborations in different steps in the procurement process can promote efficiency including negotiation, information exchange and bulk procurement.
Distribution systems have the goal to ensure a steady supply of pharmaceuticals and other health goods. Distribution of goods is an additional costs to the end price patients or the system have to pay. Hence, it is important to design systems that protect the goods from damage and losses, delivery the right quantities at the right time at the lowest cost possible. Assessing procurmenet and supply chain performance is needed on an ongoing basis. The indicators in this section are well established and are routinely used to assess global supply chains.


C7 Procurement and Supply Chain Management PAHO data Public data
C7.1 Agency/agencies responsible for public procurement for medicines and medical devices. Please specify CENARES (2018)
C7.2 Is there a program, system or area responsible for the Quality Assurance for the public procurement mechanism for medicines? CENARES (2018)
C7.3 Number of licensed retail pharmacies per 10,000 population (Private sector). 5.89 (2018)
SI Supplementary Indicators
S7 Procurement and Supply Chain Management
S7.1 Number of entities legally authorized to import pharmaceutical products.
S7.2 Number of distributors or their agents authorized to operate
S7.3 Number of wholesalers licensed
S7.4 Is there regulation for sale of pharmaceutical products via the Internet that limited to registered and authorized mail-order pharmacies or other authorized entities?

References

Services that the provided by pharmacists or trained pharmacy staff include among other tasks dispensing, health promotion, screening for diseases, administrating medicines and ensuring safe storage and quality supply of medicines.
A system that delivers pharmaceutical services requires adequately trained staff as well as the legal framework at establishes standards for the delivery of medicines. For instance, dispensing of medicines can only be done under the supervision of a trained health professional. Retail stores with medicines dispensing units require an onsite pharmacist to be present throughout the hours of its operation.
The number of private and public pharmacies including hospital pharmacies per inhabitants is an indicators to assess the capacity of a system to provide pharmaceutical services. Information of type of services provided by pharmacies indicates the locations where population can access healthcare.


C8 Pharmaceutical services PAHO data Public data
C8.1 Are ther legal provisions that require the presence of the pharmacist in all public and private pharmacies/drug stores?
C8.1.1 Full time (Pharmacy working hours)
C8.1.2 Part time
SI Supplementary Indicators
S8 Pharmaceutical services
S8.1 Number of hospital pharmacies
S8.2 Number of private pharmacies
S8.3 Are there any follow-up program of NCD for patients at pharmaceutical care/pharmacies for at least two diseases (e.g. HIV, diabetes, hypertension)?

References

Conventional diagnostic radiology (basic and specialized), interventional radiology, sonography, radiation therapy, and diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine are currently playing an essential function in clinical health care processes. These services cover a wide range of clinical applications, from the diagnosis and monitoring of very common diseases and situations with a high incidence, such as respiratory diseases, traumas, digestive disorders, control of pregnancy and breast disorders, etc., to more complex diseases such as tumors, AIDS, central nervous
system conditions, or cardiovascular diseases. International standards also require that countries have a national regulatory infrastructure for radiation safety and protection of patients, health workers and the public in general.


C9 Radiological regulation and Services PAHO data Public data
C9.1 Do legal provisions exist that establish the functions and responsibilities of the National Regulatory Authority for radiological safety to protect patients, workers, public, and the environment. Yes (2018)
C9.2 Annual number of radiological explorations per 1,000 population 15 (1990)
SI Supplementary Indicators
S9 Radiological regulation and Services
S9.1 Radiological Health technologies per 1 million population (public and private sector)
S9.1.1 Linear accelerator 1.06 (2018)
S9.1.2 Telecobalt unit (Cobalt-60) 0.34 (2018)

References

Universal access to safe blood for transfusions is based on self-sufficiency in blood and blood products through voluntary unpaid donation of blood, improvements in the quality of donated blood, maximization of adequate use of blood, strengthening of human resources.
In addition to the technical aspects, it is necessary for states to ensure the allocation of resources according to national blood safety objectives and plans, reorganize and integrate blood services networks in accordance with the needs of the national health system. That they develop and manage health surveillance, and promote and manage Hemovigilance and risk management, along the chain of transfusion.
Finally, obtaining relevant information through specific indicators allows strengthening the management of information to visualize and determine if there is a sufficient, timely, accessible and safe blood supply, and how this supply is linked to the country's morbidity and mortality.


C10 Blood regulation and services PAHO data Public data
C10.1 Is there a specific law that regulates the promotion of donation, processing, storage, use of blood and health surveillance? Yes (2016) Law 26454 for the regulation of blood banks, but Peru does not currently have a national hemovigilance system (2016)1
C10.2 Are the Hemovigilance (HM) activities legally established (roles and responsibilities) for the HM? No (2016)
C10.3 Total Number of whole blood donations collected during the reporting period (by total blood banks, types of donation and frequency). 339594 whole blood units. 9.26%: voluntary donations, 90.74%: replacement. Frequency of voluntary donations,- 98%: 1st time donation, 2% repeat donations (2016)
C10.4 Percentage of donations (whole blood and apheresis) that were screened for TTIs 100.00% (2016)
C10.5 Percentage of RBC units separated and discarded from the total whole blood units 88.99% of RBC units separated from the total whole blood units, and 6.07% of RBC discarded. (2016)

References
  • 1: George P, Vidal J, Garcia P. An Analysis of and Recommendations for the Peruvian Blood Collection and Transfusion System. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Reviews ( ISSN 2471-8211 ). 2016;1(3). Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5067018/

The transplant of organs, tissues and cells has become a worldwide practice that can prolong life and improve its quality. Advances in ablation, preservation, transplant and immunosuppression techniques have improved the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and cultural acceptability of transplants with the consequent increase in demand for these practices. Today it is possible to perform solid organ transplants such as kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, small intestine and cornea mainly, and also treat other events leukemias, severe burns, traumatic accidents and surgical treatment, with the use of cell and tissue transplantation , these treatments have become an effective therapy that saves lives and improves the quality of life of many people. However, despite the great scientific developments and the advances that can be seen in some countries, the capacities for transplants in the different health systems of the Region of the Americas are heterogeneous.
Therefore, having basic information about these transplant therapies allows us to propose a baseline that allows the monitoring of the strategy and plan of action on donation and equitable access to the transplantation of organs, tissues and cells 2019 - 2030 recently. promoted by PAHO, also to know and follow the behavior of equitable and quality access to transplants of organs, tissues and cells in the countries.


C11 Transplants PAHO data Public data
C11.1 Does the country have a national organization of transplants with structure, competencies and financing according to the essential responsibilities of the donation and transplant system Yes (2017)
C11.2 Does the country have a National single registry for the entire health system (public and private), of waiting patients (waiting list), coordinated by the governing body. No (2017)
C11.3 Does the country have documents that establish technical-scientific criteria for the donation, processing and allocation and distribution of organs, tissues and cells. Yes (2017)
C11.4 Does the country have mechanisms that guarantee the availability of medicines for donation and transplant programs No (2017)

References

Appropriate use of medicines is necessary to achieve health benefits and protect populations from harm cause by medicines. Additionally, inappropriate use of medicines wastes resources. Inappropriate use of medicines include: overuse (using medicines that are unnecessary), underuse (the absence of medicines when they are effective), the wrong use (medicines are not in line with best clinical evidence or wasting resources).  
Management tools to promote appropriate use of medicines are formularies or essential medicines lists, standard treatment guidelines and health technology assessments, among others. The development of these tools needs to follow a defined process that is publically available and that manages conflicts for interest if present.
Advertisement of medicines can provide distorted information about medicines that can result in harmful use of medicines. Surveillance of advertisement by regulatory bodies is relevant to prevent harm.


C12 Rational Use of Medicines and other Health Technologies PAHO data Public data
C12.1 Does a National Essential Medicines List (EML) exist? If yes, provide the number of medicines on the EML by active ingredient Yes (2015) Yes (2015)1
C12.2 A national Committee on Selection (free of conflict of interests) and Use of Essential Medicines exists. Yes (2012) Yes, Autoridad Nacional de Productos Farmaceuticos, Dispositivos Medicos y Productos Sanitarios (2018)1
C12.3 Is there a procedure for the selection of medicines of the EML publically available? Yes (2012)
C12.4 Was the EML updated in the last 5 years? Yes (2015) Yes (2015)1
C12.5 Does a National Essential Priority Medical Devices List exist? If yes, provide the number of medical devices listed No (2017) Yes (2011)2
C12.6 Existence of a national strategy or plan for the rational use of medicines and other health technologies, with monitoring of results No (2016)
C12.7 Incorporation of medicines and other health technologies of the public sector through an official mechanism that includes the selection according to the criteria of Health Technologies Assessment Yes (2016)
C12.8 Is there a functional system of surveillance and control of advertising or inaccurate or unethical information about medicines and other health technologies? Yes (2016)
C12.9 Adoption of guidelines and indicators for, at least, good prescribing practices and good pharmacy practices No (2016)
S12.1 Existence of a current national and functional program of communication and dissemination of independent information on the rational use of medicines and other health technologies Yes (2016)
S12.2 Existence of official systems for monitoring the safety of medicines and other health technologies (national functional systems of at least two of the following: pharmacovigilance, technovigilance, haemovigilance) Yes (2016) Yes (1999)3
S12.3 Existence of defined standards and procedures for the development or adaptation of clinical practice guidelines Yes (2016) Yes (2018)4
S12.4 There are Clinical Guidelines in agreement with EML for most common illnesses Yes (2016) Yes (2018)4

References
  • 1: Resolucion Ministerial 399. Lima, Peru; 2015. Available from http://www.digemid.minsa.gob.pe/UpLoad/UpLoaded/PDF/Normatividad/2015/RM_399-2015.pdf
  • 2: Resolucion Ministerial 369-2011. Lima: Ministerio De Salud; 2011. ftp://ftp2.minsa.gob.pe/normaslegales/2011/RM369-2011-MINSA.PDF
  • 3: Farmacovigilancia y Tecnovigilancia [Internet]. Dirección General de Medicamentos, Insumos y Drogas. [cited 22 September 2018]. Available from: http://www.digemid.minsa.gob.pe/main.asp?Seccion=944
  • 4: Publicaciones Recientes MINSA [Internet]. Biblioteca Virtual en Salud. [cited 2018 Dec 23]. Available from: http://bvs.minsa.gob.pe/publicaciones-minsa/

Many medicines are considered essential goods which means that their prices are less influenced by demand. Measuring medicines prices can be challenging but is important to understand affordability which is a key dimension of access. Governments can influence markets that set prices through control of markups or eliminating tariffs and taxes. Governments are often buyers of large quantities of medicines which means that they can effectively negotiate prices and share information with other national or international buyers to increase their power.
Health technology assessments (HTAs) play an important part in the selection of medicines for reimbursement. An HTA consists of a systematic evaluation of the properties, effects, and/or impacts of medicines, devices and other technologies for health. Many countries in the Americas have developed institutional capacity to carry out HTAs to support the selection of technologies for their health systems. However, much needs to be done to improve quality and efficiencies in technology selection for health systems. Country collaborations in this area are vital to reduce costs of conducting HTA.
Treatment coverage is one of the most relevant outcome measures to assess a functioning pharmaceutical system. It is a core indicator of many vertical disease programs such as HIV and TB. Since non-communicable diseases are the top cause of mortality worldwide assessing treatment coverage for common diseases such as hypertension and diabetes is critical in addition to HIV and TB.


C13 Pricing, Procurement, Health Technology Assessment (HTA) and coverage PAHO data Public data
C13.1 Are taxes imposed on pharmaceuticals? Yes (2007)1
C13.2 Importation tax. If yes, what percentage?
C13.3 VAT (value-added tax) If yes, what percentage? 12.00% (2007)1
C13.4 Other. Please, describe IGV tax 19%, municipal promotion tax 2% (2007)1
C13.5 Is there an institution responsible for HTA? Yes (2018)
C13.6 Does the country have a legal framework for the use of HTA in decision-making? Specify No (2017)
C13.7 Public procurement of medicines is determined by the products selected according to HTA or other evidence-based criteria
C13.8 Agency/agencies that sets medicine prices exists. If yes, name. No (2012)
C13.9 Does pricing regulation in the public sector exist? No (2012)
C13.10 Does pricing regulation in the private sector exist? No (2012)
C13.11 Name of the body responsible for selection of products for coverage Ministry of Health (2018)2
C13.13 Percentage individuals with raised blood pressure (SBP>= 140 and/or DBP >= 90 mmHG) currently taking medicines for hypertension 14.80% (2014)3
C13.14 Percentage individuals with raised fasting blood glucose (plasma venous value ≥126 mg/dl) currently on medication for raised blood glucose)
C13.15 Opioid consumption in morphine milligrams (mg) per capita/year 3.29 (2015)
S13.1 Percentage patients diagnosed with HIV on treatment 60.00% (2016)4
S13.2 Percentage patients diagnosed with TB concluding treatment course 87.00% (2015)4

References
  • 1: Medicine Prices, Availability, Affordability and Price Components in Peru [Internet]. Health Action International Latin American Coordination Office; 2007 [cited 25 October 2018]. Available from: http://haiweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Peru-Report-2005-Pricing-Surveys.pdf
  • 2: Country Poster Book. 3rd International PPRI Conference [Internet]. WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies; 2015 [cited 26 October 2018]. Available from: http://whocc.goeg.at/Downloads/Conference2015/0_Country%20Poster%20Book_v3_online.pdf
  • 3: Peru: Enfermedades No Transmisibles y Transmisibles. [Internet]. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica. Available from https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1212/Libro.pdf
  • 4: Data [Internet]. The World Bank. 2017 [cited 20 September 2018]. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/country/peru?view=chart